| Notater |
- Sven (aka Bl?t-Sweyn, Blot-Sven, Sweyn the Sacrificer) was a Swedish king c.1080, who replaced his Christian brother-in-law Inge as King of Sweden, when Inge had refused to administer the bl?ts (pagan sacrifices) at the Temple at Uppsala. There is no mention of Sweyn in the regnal list of the Westrogothic law, which suggests that his rule did not reach V?sterg?tland. According to Swedish historian Adolf Sch?ck he was probably the same person as H?kan the Red and was called the Bl?t Swain (a swain who was willing to perform the bl?t) as an epithet rather than a personal name.
The earliest source that deals with Blot-Sven's coming to power is the Icelandic legendary saga, the Hervarar Saga:
"King Ingi married a woman called M?r who had a brother called Svein. King Ingi liked Svein better than any other man, and Svein became thereby the greatest man in Sweden."
However, Inge did not permit the people to follow the old ways, unlike his father Stenkil. The Swedes reacted strongly and asked Inge to either comply with the old traditions or abdicate. When Inge proclaimed that he would not abandon Christianity, the people pelted him with stones and chased him away. This was the opportunity for Sven to assume power, and the account provided by the Hervarar Saga concerning his inauguration contains a rare description of the ancient Indo-European ritual of horse sacrifice: "Svein, the King's brother-in-law, remained behind in the assembly, and offered the Swedes to do sacrifices on their behalf if they would give him the Kingdom. They all agreed to accept Svein's offer, and he was then recognized as King over all Sweden. A horse was then brought to the assembly and hewn in pieces and cut up for eating, and the sacred tree was smeared with blood. Then all the Swedes abandoned Christianity, and sacrifices started again. They drove King Ingi away; and he went into Vesterg?tland."
The later "Legend of Saint Eskil" tells that Inge was chased away from the kingdom. They then elected an idolator for king by the name "Sweyn", an unworthy man and with reason called "Blood-Sweyn". He had this name because he made the people drink blood from bulls that had been sacrificed to the gods, and he ate the sacrificial meat. The people assembled around their king in Str?ngn?s, where they butchered oxen and sheep, and gave offerings to their gods. They had a great banquet in honour of the king and their gods. The English bishop Eskil then appeared and tried to convert the pagans to Christianity. They would not listen, however. Eskil prayed, and God sent thunder, hail, snow and rain destroying the sacrificial altar and beasts of sacrifice. Not a single drop fell on the bishop. The pagans were not impressed and furiously, they attacked Eskil. A diviner named Sp?bodde hit him on the head with a stone, while another man crushed his head with an axe. Some chieftains dragged the dying martyr to the king saying that Eskil had used magic arts to control the weather. As soon as the unrightful king had sentenced Eskil to death he was taken to the valley, where the monastery later was founded, and he was stoned to death. This legend is, however, considered to be a later invention by the Church as more reliable sources date Eskil's death to circa 1016, several generations before the time of Blot-Sven.
According to Hervarar Saga, the rule of Sven was not to last. Before long, the Christian Inge decided to kill the pagan Sven:
"Svein the Sacrificer was King of Sweden for three years. King Ingi set off with his retinue and some of his followers, though it was but as small force. He then rode eastwards by Sm?land and into ?sterg?tland and then into Sweden. He rode both day and night, and came upon Svein suddenly in the early morning. They caught him in his house and set it on fire and burned the band of men who were within. There was a baron called Thjof who was burnt inside. He had been previously in the retinue of Svein the Sacrificer. Svein himself left the house, but was slain immediately."
A similar account appears in the Orkneyinga saga, but in this text, Sweyn remains inside and is burnt to death:
"Christianity was then young in Sweden; there were then many men who went about with witchcraft, and thought by that to become wise and knowing of many things which had not yet come to pass. King Ingi was a thorough Christian man, and all wizards were loathsome to him. He took great pains to root out those evil ways which had long gone hand in hand with heathendom, but the rulers of the land and the great freeholders took it ill that their bad customs were found fault with. So it came about that the freemen chose them another king, Sweyn, the brother of the queen, who still held to his sacrifices to idols, and was called Sacrifice-Sweyn. He forced King Ingi to flee the land into Vesterg?tland; but at the end of their dealings it was King Ingi who ceased Sweyn's house and burnt him inside it. After that he took all the land under his rule. Then he went on to root out many bad ways."
It is possible that Ingi was not immediately accepted by the stubbornly pagan Swedes of Uppland. The 13th century historian Snorri Sturlusson wrote in the Heimskringla that Blot-Sven had a pagan successor who continued the sacrifices:
"At that time there were many people all around in the Swedish dominions who were heathens, and many were bad Christians; for there were some of the kings who renounced Christianity, and continued heathen sacrifices, as Blotsvein, and afterwards Eirik Arsale, had done."
This "Eirik Arsale" (Erik ?rs?ll) is mentioned in other sources as being the son of Blot-Sven, but today is not considered a historical person by most historians.
This database researched and compiled by Norman Lee Madsen, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 21 July 2015.
|
1040 - 1099 (~ 59 år)
[1]